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Compiled from Aristotle's lectures at the Lyceum in Athens in the late 4th century BCE and named after his son Nicomachus. The work is the foundational treatise of Western virtue ethics, arguing that human flourishing (eudaimonia) consists in the lifelong exercise of rational excellence rather than in pleasure, honor, or wealth. It has shaped nearly every subsequent system of ethics — Scholastic, Enlightenment, and modern — that takes character and habit as central.

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